More than 160 USGS scientists, technicians, and specialists responded to Hurricane Sandy's aftermath, from Virginia to Massachusetts. Crews from USGS worked hard to retrieve data for emergency managers.
Hurricane Sandy's impacts have been significant. Many USGS tidal sensors recorded peaks of record and several were completely overtopped. In addition, high-water marks flagged by USGS crews show sizeable storm surge, including 18.98 feet at Long Branch, NJ; 12.93 feet at the Verazzano Narrows Bridge between Brooklyn and Staten Island, NY; and 7.43 feet at Lindenhurst on Long Island, NY.
Storm-Surge Sensors
USGS crews retrieved the more than 150 storm-surge sensors that were deployed prior to Sandy's landfall. These sensors extended from the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay in Virginia to the coast of Maine.
The data from these sensors will be used to create models of the precise time the storm-tide arrived, how ocean and inland water levels changed during the storm, the depth of the storm-tide throughout the event, and how long it took for the water to recede.
This information gathered is being used to assess storm damage, discern between wind and flood damage, and improve computer models used to forecast future coastal change.
All data collected by these sensors and the existing USGS streamgage network are available on the USGS Storm Tide Mapper.
USGS scientist recovers storm surge sensor in Annapolis, MD.
High-Water Marks
In addition, at the request of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), USGS scientists tagged high-water marks. Crews in New York checked 150 sites, many established in the 1992 Noreaster that struck the Long Island area. New Jersey crews checked along the Atlantic shoreline as soon as conditions were safe to do so. USGS scientists from Maryland, Delaware, Connecticut, and Rhode Island are also looked for high-water marks in their areas.
High-water marks serve a very important function in assessing damage. USGS crews look for sustained high-water marks, meaning indications of the highest level the water stayed for a time. Because water-levels change often due to wave action, sustained high-water marks allow USGS scientists to determine the levels the water stayed at long enough to cause significant impacts.
High-water marks are useful in determining the amount of damage sustained due to flooding and storm surge. Impact models use high-water marks to determine likely levels of damage to a building's structural integrity, as well as potential scour damage. Scour damage is the abrasive erosion caused by dissolved solids in water rubbing against buildings or other structures that can wear away the surface, eventually leading to instability.
In addition, FEMA uses high-water marks to determine what damage comes from wind and what damage comes from water when formulating their own impact models.
Coastal Change
In addition, USGS crews flew multiple tracks from New Jersey to Long Island and back to collect high resolution elevation data using lidar technology. Comparisons of coastal change are being made, using the pre-storm lidar surveys taken October 26th and 27th.
USGS contracted for additional aerial surveys to have continuous data collection from from Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, to Montauk, New York. These surveys include oblique aerial photography and lidar topography. The photographs will be compared to pre-storm photography for a qualitative look at coastal erosion, while the lidar data will be compared to pre-storm beach elevations to quantify actual changes in the beach, such as dune erosion and overwash.
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| Above Left: Oblique aerial photographs of Seaside Heights, New Jersey, before and after Hurricane Sandy impacts shows coastal change on a developed coastline. Above Right: Oblique aerial photographs of Fire Island, New York, at Pelican Island before and after Hurricane Sandy impacts shows coastal change on an undeveloped coastline. |
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Water Quality
USGS crews have also performed water quality sampling at various locations, including the Delaware River near Trenton, New Jersey; from the Potomac River and the Eastern Shore in Maryland; various sites in Washington, DC, and sites throughout Northern Virginia.
USGS crews sampled for contaminants like pesticides, E. coli, nutrients, and sediment to document water quality in areas affected by the hurricane. These samples were analyzed, and their results shared with emergency responders.
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