Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: U.S. Geological Survey Publication_Date: 20170512 Title: Laboratory Observations of Artificial Sand and Oil Agglomerates Video and Velocity Data: False-Floor Experiment Flow Velocity and Shear Stress Edition: 1.0 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: tabular digital data Series_Information: Series_Name: U.S. Geological Survey Data Release Issue_Identification: doi:10.5066/F76D5R69 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Saint Petersburg, FL Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Geology Program Online_Linkage: http://dx.doi.org/10.5066/F76D5R69 Larger_Work_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Robert L. Jenkins III Originator: P. Soupy Dalyander Originator: Allison M. Penko Originator: Joseph W. Long Publication_Date: 2017 Title: Laboratory Observations of Artificial Sand and Oil Agglomerates Edition: 1.0 Series_Information: Series_Name: Open-File Report Issue_Identification: Unknown Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: Unknown Description: Abstract: Weathered oil in the surf-zone after an oil spill may mix with suspended sediments to form sand and oil agglomerates (SOA). Sand and oil agglomerates may form in mats on the scale of tens of meters (m), and may break apart into pieces between 1 and 10 centimeters (cm) in diameter. These more mobile pieces are susceptible to alongshore and cross-shore transport, and lead to beach re-oiling on the time scale of months to years following a spill. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) conducted experiments March 10 - 13, 2014, to expand the available data on sand and oil agglomerate motion; test shear stress based incipient motion parameterizations in a controlled, laboratory setting; and directly observe SOA exhumation and burial processes. Artificial sand and oil agglomerates (aSOA) were created and deployed in a small-oscillatory flow tunnel in two sets of experiments, during which, video and velocity data were obtained. The first experiment, which was set up to help researchers investigate incipient motion, used with an immobile, rough bottom (referred to as false-floor) and the second–testing seafloor interactions–utilized with a coarse grain sand bottom (movable sand bed). Detailed information regarding the creation of the aSOA can be found in Dalyander et al. (2015). More information about the USGS laboratory experiment conducted in collaboration with the Naval Research Laboratory can be found in the associated Open File Report (OFR Number Unknown). Purpose: This dataset presents observations of along-tank flow velocity at times surrounding incipient motion and to the shear stress associated with the given aSOA, for the same time period, derived from the along-tank flow velocity and individual aSOA characteristics of diameter and density. Along-tank flow velocities were collected by a single Vectrino acoustic Doppler profiler during a 2014 USGS small-oscillatory flow tunnel experiment conducted at the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), Stennis Space Center, Mississippi. The information contained within the text files is needed to capture flow velocity at time of incipient motion, under ideal conditions, and to test shear stress-based incipient motion parameterizations. This dataset contains tabular digital data, in text files, of flow velocities in a small-oscillatory flow tunnel from the false-floor experiment, and shear stress derived from observed flow velocity. Each text file name ends with a three-character alpha-numeric aSOA identifier (aSOA ID). The first character (a number) refers to the aSOA’s size class, the second character (a letter) refers to the shape, and the third character (a number) refers to the unique aSOA of a given size class and shape (see Dalyander et al. (2015)). Videos of tank observations, which provide additional information about aSOA incipient motion, were also collected during each experiment (see 2017-309_DD_FF_video.zip) and are included in this data release). Supplemental_Information: This dataset (2017_309_DD_FF_velocity_stress.zip) contains tabular digital data of flow velocity and shear stress collected during small-oscillatory flow tunnel laboratory experiments at the Naval Research Laboratory, Stennis Space Center, Stennis Mississippi. To ensure that SPCMSC data management protocols were followed, this survey was retroactively assigned a USGS field activity number (FAN), 2017-309-DD. Additional survey and data details are available at http://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fan=2017-309-DD. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 20140310 Ending_Date: 20140313 Currentness_Reference: ground condition Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned. Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -89.651 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -89.557 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 30.395 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 30.345 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category Theme_Keyword: elevation Theme_Keyword: oceans Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Thesaurus Theme_Keyword: hazards Theme_Keyword: marine geology Theme_Keyword: ocean sciences Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Theme_Keyword: U.S. Geological Survey Theme_Keyword: USGS Theme_Keyword: Saint Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center Theme_Keyword: SPCMSC Theme_Keyword: Coastal and Marine Geology Program Theme_Keyword: CMGP Theme_Keyword: incipient motion Theme_Keyword: industrial pollution Theme_Keyword: petroleum Theme_Keyword: sea floor interaction Theme_Keyword: text file Theme_Keyword: laboratory experiment Theme_Keyword: tabular digital data Theme_Keyword: TXT Theme_Keyword: Vectrino acoustic velocity profiler Theme_Keyword: small-oscillatory flow tunnel Theme_Keyword: shear stress parameterization Theme_Keyword: surf-zone Theme_Keyword: surf zone Theme_Keyword: photographs Theme_Keyword: photos Theme_Keyword: JPEG Theme_Keyword: sand and oil agglomerate Theme_Keyword: SOA Theme_Keyword: artificial sand and oil agglomerate Theme_Keyword: aSOA Theme_Keyword: beach re-oiling Theme_Keyword: oil spill Theme_Keyword: Canon 7D DSLR camera Theme_Keyword: Laboratory Experiment Theme_Keyword: Naval Research Laboratory Theme_Keyword: NRL Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Place_Keyword: Stennis Space Center Place_Keyword: Stennis Place_Keyword: Mississippi Stratum: Stratum_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Stratum_Keyword: sea floor Stratum_Keyword: seafloor Stratum_Keyword: seabed Access_Constraints: None Use_Constraints: Public domain data from the U.S. Government are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Please recognize the U.S. Geological Survey as the originator of the dataset. Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: P. Soupy Dalyander Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Research Oceanographer Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 600 Fourth Street South City: Saint Petersburg State_or_Province: Florida Postal_Code: 33701-4846 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8124 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 727-502-8001 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: sdalyander@usgs.gov Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: R. L. Soulsby Publication_Date: 1997 Title: Dynamics of marine sands: A manual for practical applications Edition: 1.0 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: London, England Publisher: Thomas Telford Publications Online_Linkage: http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/doms.25844 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: J. Calantoni Originator: B. J. Landry Originator: A. M. Penko Publication_Date: 2013 Title: Laboratory observations of sand ripple evolution using bimodal gran size distributions under asymmetric oscillatory flows Edition: 1.0 Series_Information: Series_Name: Journal of Coastal Research Issue_Identification: Special Issue No. 65, p. 1497-1502 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Plymouth, United Kingdom Publisher: Coastal Education and Research Foundation, Inc. Online_Linkage: http://dx.doi.org/10.2112/SI65-253.1 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: P.S. Dalyander Originator: J.W. Long Originator: N.G. Plant Originator: M. Mclaughlin Publication_Date: 2015 Title: Nearshore dynamics of artificial sand and oil agglomerates Edition: 1.0 Series_Information: Series_Name: Marine Pollution Bulletin Issue_Identification: v.96, p. 344-355 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Atlanta, GA, USA Publisher: Elsevier, Ltd. Online_Linkage: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.04.049 Data_Quality_Information: Attribute_Accuracy: Attribute_Accuracy_Report: The Vectrino acoustic Doppler profiler used to observe the oscillatory flow tunnel flow velocities measured three-dimensional (3D) water velocity of a 4 cm profile below the instrument with 1 mm spaced bins and the distance from the instrument to the sand bed using coherent Doppler processing at a frequency of 100 Herts (Hz). Time series of flow velocity profiles were returned at a sampling rate of 100 Hz. The Vectrino profile was mounted centrally, with the sensor in the oscillatory flow tunnel. Logical_Consistency_Report: All flow velocities were acquired with the same Vectrino acoustic velocity profiler. Completeness_Report: Velocity data and derived stress data is included for all experiments, experiment segments, and individual aSOAS. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: A formal accuracy assessment of the horizontal positional information in the dataset has not been conducted. Lineage: Process_Step: Process_Description: In March, 2014, experiments were conducted at NRL’s Sediment Dynamics Laboratory, located in Stennis, MS. Artificial sand-oil agglomerates were deployed in the small-oscillatory flow tunnel with a cross-sectional area of 25 cm by 25 cm, a test bed length of 2-m, and a 35-cm deep sediment well. Oscillating currents (simulating bottom velocities generated by waves) were driven in the tank by a flywheel with variable frequencies (20-90 rpm) and stroke lengths (22, 33, or 44 cm). For all experiments, the oscillatory current had a slight asymmetry resulting in preferential transport downstream (toward the sediment trap) in the tank. Two high-definition Canon 7D DSLR cameras were mounted outside of the tank to record movement, each with a unique, separate, field of view. Camera A was outfitted with an 18-55 mm zoom lens at a 29 mm focal length and Camera B used an 18 mm fisheye lens. The tank was also equipped with a Vectrino acoustic velocity profiler, mounted centrally. Additional information on the characteristics and design of the flow tunnel can be found in Calantoni and others (2013). Process_Date: 20140310 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Robert L. Jenkins III Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Researcher III Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 600 Fourth Street South City: Saint Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701-4846 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8138 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 727-502-8182 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: rljenkins@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: The onset of incipient motion was precisely measured with a Bed LAser Surface Tracking (BLAST) System. Two 520 nm, 75-degree fan beam, continuous-wave lasers were mounted above the tank and projected a 3-mm wide and 1-m long laser line along the tank floor, parallel to the flow direction. The aSOAs were placed to intersect the laser lines so that the two Canon 7D DSLR cameras captured 1080p HD video at 30 frames per second of the laser line projected on to the aSOAs and the bed floor. Process_Date: 20140310 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Robert L. Jenkins III Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Researcher III Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 600 Fourth Street South City: Saint Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701-4846 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8138 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 727-502-8182 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: rljenkins@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: The field of view of Camera A is over lapped by the field of view of Camera B. In the field of view of both Camera A and Camera B, is a small red LED indicator light, which signals the beginning of the Vectrino record for a given experiment segment for the purpose of syncing the Vectrino velocity profile data and video records in time. Process_Date: 20140310 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Robert L. Jenkins III Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Researcher III Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 600 Fourth Street South City: Saint Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701-4846 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8138 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 727-502-8182 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: rljenkins@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Velocities were logged by a Vectrino acoustic Doppler profiler mounted centrally within the tank. Velocity recording was manually started after the beginning of the video recording. The start of the velocity record was indicated in the video by a single blink of a red LED indicator light. 3D velocity was logged by the Vectrino software package and saved as raw binary files with file extension “.ntk”. The Vectrino acoustic velocity profiler measured 3D water velocity (m/s) of a 4 cm profile below the instrument and the distance from the instrument to the sand bed (m), using coherent Doppler processing at a frequency of 100 Hz. Process_Date: 20140310 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Robert L. Jenkins III Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Researcher III Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 600 Fourth Street South City: Saint Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701-4846 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8138 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 727-502-8182 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: rljenkins@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Raw Vectrino data were processed in MATLAB 2015b by a script called “VectrinoII_ProcessData.m” (2011) (NRL script), which extracted time, depth information, and 3D velocity (m/s) from raw data files. Next, velocities were processed iteratively to remove spikes in the data. >First, velocities were passed through a MATLAB built-in one dimensional smoothing filter (filter.m) with a window size of ten. >Second, the difference was taken between the raw and smoothed time series and the standard deviation of that difference was calculated. >Third, points with a difference greater than three times the standard deviation were identified, and replaced with the smoothed signal value at the same time. >The first, second, and third, steps were then repeated three times, with the previously de-spiked signal replacing the input each time, which produced final, quality controlled, de-spiked and smoothed de-spiked time series of velocities. De-spiked and smoothed de-spiked records of 3D velocity data, time, and depth information were re-saved in MATLAB readable ‘.mat’ files. De-spiked and smoothed de-spiked velocity data were treated with an additional quality control step. >A measure of signal quality, called Correlation, was recorded by the Vectrino profiler along with the raw data. Correlation is the measure of the data correlation as returned by each of the three acoustic beams of the profiler. >Time points with correlation less than 70% are replaced in the record with non-number (NaN) values. Quality controlled records of de-spiked and smoothed de-spiked velocity were saved in MATLAB readable ‘.mat’ files. Process_Date: 20150812 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Robert L. Jenkins III Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Researcher III Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 600 Fourth Street South City: Saint Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701-4846 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8138 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 727-502-8182 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: rljenkins@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Time differences between video and corresponding velocity record is established by identifying the exact frame in which the Vectrino red LED indicator light blinks in the camera view. The time (in seconds) at which the Vectrino begins recording in the video record is calculated as the frame number divided by the video framerate in frames per second. The video time record is then synced to the Vectrino time to create a consistent time record for both records. Process_Date: 20150924 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Robert L. Jenkins III Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Researcher III Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 600 Fourth Street South City: Saint Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701-4846 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8138 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 727-502-8182 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: rljenkins@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Processed flow velocity was generated by extracting the along-tank component of flow velocity from the processed Vectrino 3-dimensional flow record. Free stream velocity is taken as the 3rd bin (approximately 3mm). Only velocity data 30 seconds prior to and 12 seconds proceeding incipient motion were presented. The 42 second window is a maximum. Incipient motion very close to the beginning or end of the experiment segment resulted in shorter records. Process_Date: 20150924 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Robert L. Jenkins III Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Researcher III Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 600 Fourth Street South City: Saint Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701-4846 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8138 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 727-502-8182 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: rljenkins@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Shear stress input was generated by calculating shear stress based on shear stress parameterization presented in Soulsby, 1997, using aSOA diameter, flow velocity at time of incipient motion, and an empirical value for orbital excursion amplitude. The empirical value for orbital excursion amplitude was calculated for each experiment record from the de-spiked along-tank velocity. The negative-to-positive zero crossings were identified and the times of these upward zero-crossings were recorded. A matrix of upward zero-crossings was created to identify individual waves. Given flow velocity and time between upward zero-crossings, displacements were calculated. Orbital excursion amplitude is defined as one quarter of this displacement. The orbital excursion amplitude used in the stress calculation is the median value for a given record, excluding the first and last sixty seconds to avoid errors introduced by experiment ramp up and ramp down. Process_Date: 20150924 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Robert L. Jenkins III Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Researcher III Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 600 Fourth Street South City: Saint Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701-4846 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8138 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 727-502-8182 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: rljenkins@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: The time series results of flow velocity and shear stress were written to text files with data arranged in columns (including headers) using the MATLAB built-in function “fprintf.m”. Process_Date: 20150930 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Robert L. Jenkins III Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Researcher III Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 600 Fourth Street South City: Saint Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701-4846 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8138 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 727-502-8182 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: rljenkins@usgs.gov Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: 2017_309_DD_FF_velocity_stress Entity_Type_Definition: Tabular digital data text files of false-floor experiment flow velocity and shear stress. Entity_Type_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute: Attribute_Label: time(s) Attribute_Definition: Vectrino velocity profiler record time of experiment. Attribute_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.00000 Range_Domain_Maximum: 42.00002 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: seconds Attribute: Attribute_Label: u(m/s) Attribute_Definition: Smoothed, along-tank water velocity as measured by Vectrino velocity profiler during experiment segment. Attribute_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -0.50460 Range_Domain_Maximum: 0.47179 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Meters per second (m/s) Attribute: Attribute_Label: tau (N/m2) Attribute_Definition: Shear stress calculated using Soulsby, 1997 and water velocity . Attribute_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -38.19348 Range_Domain_Maximum: 33.38787 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Newtons per meter-squared (N/m2) Overview_Description: Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: The entity and attribute information provided here describes the data associated with the dataset. Please review the detailed descriptions that are provided (the individual attribute descriptions) for information on the values that appear as entries of the dataset. Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: The entity and attribute information was generated by the individual and/or agency identified as the originator of the dataset. Please review the rest of the metadata record for additional details and information. Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Robert L. Jenkins III Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Researcher III Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 600 Fourth Street South City: Saint Petersburg State_or_Province: Florida Postal_Code: 33701-4846 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8138 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 727-502-8182 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: rljenkins@usgs.gov Resource_Description: The zip file, 2017_309_DD_FF_velocity_stress.zip, contains the following text files: velocity_stress_data_1E1.txt, velocity_stress_data_1E4.txt, velocity_stress_data_1E5.txt, velocity_stress_data_1R3.txt, velocity_stress_data_1R5.txt, velocity_stress_data_2E1.txt, velocity_stress_data_2E5.txt, velocity_stress_data_2R1.txt, velocity_stress_data_3E2.txt, velocity_stress_data_3R3.txt, velocity_stress_data_5E1.txt, velocity_stress_data_5R2.txt Distribution_Liability: This digital publication was prepared by an agency of the United States Government. Although these data have been processed successfully on a computer system at the U.S. Geological Survey, no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system, nor shall the act of distribution imply any such warranty. The U.S. Geological Survey shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data described and (or) contained herein. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: TXT Format_Version_Number: 1 Format_Specification: text file Format_Information_Content: The WinZip (version 14.0) file provides flow velocity and shear stress data collected during small-oscillatory flow tunnel laboratory experiments at the Naval Research Laboratory, Stennis Space Center, Stennis Mississippi and the associated metadata. File_Decompression_Technique: Use WinZip, 7zip, Peazip or pkUnzip Transfer_Size: 0.356 Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: http://coastal.er.usgs.gov/data-release/doi-F76D5R69/data/2017_309_DD_FF_velocity_stress.zip Access_Instructions: Data can be downloaded via the Internet Fees: none Technical_Prerequisites: This zip file contains data available in text file format (txt). The user must have software capable of reading text file format (txt) to use these data. Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20170508 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Robert L. Jenkins III Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Researcher III Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 600 Fourth Street South City: Saint Petersburg State_or_Province: Florida Postal_Code: 33701-4846 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8138 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 727-502-8182 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: rljenkins@usgs.gov Metadata_Standard_Name: Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998 Metadata_Time_Convention: local time