Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Julie C. Bernier Publication_Date: 20170828 Title: Land-Cover Data Derived from Landsat Satellite Imagery, Assateague Island to Metompkin Island, Maryland and Virginia, 1985 and 2015 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: Raster digital data Series_Information: Series_Name: U.S. Geological Survey Data Release Issue_Identification: doi:10.5066/F76T0KHH Publication_Information: Publication_Place: St. Petersburg, FL Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://doi:10.5066/F76T0KHH Description: Abstract: This U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) data release includes geospatial datasets that were created to analyze wetland changes along the Virginia and Maryland Atlantic coasts between 1984 and 2015. Wetland change was determined by assessing two metrics: wetland persistence and land-cover switching. Because seasonal water levels, beach width, and vegetation differences can affect change analyses, only images acquired during the spring (March, April, and May) were included in the wetland-change metrics (N=10). USGS Data Series 968 (Bernier and others, 2015) presented data that were derived from Landsat 5 and Landsat 8 imagery from 1984 to 2014, including wetland and terrestrial habitat extents; open-ocean, back-barrier, and estuarine mainland shoreline positions; and sand-line positions along the estuarine mainland and barrier shorelines from Assateague Island, Maryland to Metompkin Island, Virginia. As part of the wetland-change analyses, two additional satellite images (17-April-1985 and 05-May-2015) were processed and classified using the methods described by Bernier and others (2015) to provide a more complete time series dataset. One additional image (26-April-1994) was reprocessed to correct a classification error that was identified when comparing wetland and total analysis extents among all images. Purpose: This zip archive includes thematic raster data representing land-cover classes derived from two Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) and one Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) image datasets from Assateague Island to Metompkin Island, Maryland and Virginia. For each image acquisition date, the Level 1 data products were stacked into composite 6-band (visible blue, green, and red; near infrared; and two short-wave infrared bands) image files and converted to at-sensor radiance and top-of-atmosphere reflectance. Adjacent scenes (Worldwide Reference System 2, path 14 row 33 and path 14 row 34) were mosaicked to a single image and then clipped to the study area extent. Seven land-cover classes (water, wet marsh, marsh, forested, mixed vegetation, vegetated bare earth, and bare earth) were derived for each image acquisition date using a hybrid classification approach to minimize misclassification of small interior water bodies and tidal channels with surrounding marsh environments. Supplemental_Information: This data release includes three raster GeoTIFF files. The two newly classified images are T19850417_lt5_a2a_lc_final.tif and T20150522_lc8_a2a_lc_final.tif. The reprocessed, classified image is named T19940426_lt5_a2a_lc_final_rev12_2016.tif. The geographic information system data presented by Bernier and others (2015), along with accompanying formal Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC) metadata, can be downloaded from https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0968/ds968_data.html. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Multiple_Dates/Times: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 19850417 Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 19940426 Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20150522 Currentness_Reference: ground condition Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -75.589992 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -74.993823 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 38.327077 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 37.739698 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category Theme_Keyword: geoscientificInformation Theme_Keyword: environment Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Thesaurus Theme_Keyword: geology Theme_Keyword: multispectral imaging Theme_Keyword: wetland ecosystems Theme_Keyword: landuse and landcover Theme_Keyword: coastal hazards Theme_Keyword: remote sensing Theme_Keyword: time series analysis Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Theme_Keyword: Landsat Theme_Keyword: Barrier island Theme_Keyword: Estuarine Theme_Keyword: Coastal Theme_Keyword: Unsupervised classification Theme_Keyword: Land cover Theme_Keyword: Barrier Island and Estuarine Wetland Physical Change Assessment Theme_Keyword: U.S. Geological Survey Theme_Keyword: USGS Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) Place_Keyword: Maryland Place_Keyword: Virginia Place_Keyword: Assateague Island Place_Keyword: Chincoteague Bay Access_Constraints: None Use_Constraints: The U.S. Geological Survey requests that it be acknowledged as the originator of this dataset in any future products or research derived from these data. Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Julie Bernier Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing and physical Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8000 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jbernier@usgs.gov Data_Set_Credit: U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Geology Program, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center Native_Data_Set_Environment: Microsoft Windows 7 Version 6.1 (Build 7601) Service Pack 1; Esri ArcGIS 10.3.1.4959 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Bernier, J.C. Originator: Douglas, S.D. Originator: Terrano, J.F. Originator: Barras, J.A. Originator: Plant, N.G. Originator: Smith, C.G. Publication_Date: 2015 Title: Land-cover types, shoreline positions, and sand extents derived from Landsat satellite imagery, Assateague Island to Metompkin Island, Maryland and Virginia, 1984 to 2014 Series_Information: Series_Name: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series Issue_Identification: 968 Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.3133/ds968 Data_Quality_Information: Logical_Consistency_Report: Landsat standard data products, processed using the Level 1 Product Generation System (LPGS), were downloaded from the USGS Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center data archives. Even after using a hybrid classification approach, some areas that were classified as wet marsh in the final thematic raster dataset appeared, upon visual inspection, to include submerged aquatic vegetation and submerged sand flats that would be more appropriately classified as open water. These ambiguities are not consistent through time but most commonly occur in Sinepuxent Bay south of Ocean City Inlet, north of Green Run Bay and Pirate Islands, in impoundments behind Chincoteague Island, and at Chincoteague Inlet. Similarly, in some instances, areas that were classified as water in the final thematic raster dataset were interpreted as wet sand on visual inspection. This most commonly occurs along the narrowest part of Assateague Island south of Ocean City Inlet, at the Tom’s Cove spit, and along Metompkin Island. Additionally, some near-shore estuarine areas exhibit “speckling” caused by misclassification of isolated higher reflectance pixels within the water body. No manual cleaning of open-water speckling or potentially misclassified pixels was performed. Completeness_Report: Two Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) and one Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) image were analyzed. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Geodetic accuracy of the Standard Terrain Correction (Level 1T) data product depends on the accuracy of the ground control points and the resolution of the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) used. Lineage: Process_Step: Process_Description: Each Landsat Level 1 data product was stacked into a composite multi-band image file using Intergraph Corporation ERDAS IMAGINE 2014 software. The six reflective bands (visible blue, green, and red; near infrared; and two short-wave infrared bands) for each sensor were stacked and used in subsequent processing and analyses. Process_Date: 2016 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Julie Bernier Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing and physical Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8000 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jbernier@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: The composite multi-band image files were converted to at-sensor radiance and top-of-atmosphere (TOA) reflectance using Intergraph Corporation ERDAS IMAGINE 2014 software. Radiometric processing reduces scene-to-scene variability, due to gain changes between scenes or differences in solar zenith angles, exoatmospheric solar irradiance, and the earth-sun distance resulting from different acquisition dates and times. Process_Date: 2016 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Julie Bernier Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing and physical Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8000 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jbernier@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: For each image acquisition date, adjacent scenes (Worldwide Reference System 2, path 14 row 33 and path 14 row 34) were mosaicked into a single image and clipped to the study area extent. Process_Date: 2016 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Julie Bernier Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing and physical Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8000 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jbernier@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Image classification was performed using Intergraph Corporation ERDAS IMAGINE 2014 software. A hybrid classification approach was used to minimize misclassification of small interior water bodies and tidal channels with surrounding marsh environments: (1) A 3×3 (pixel) edge enhancement convolution filter was applied to the radiometrically corrected, mosaicked images to enhance small water features; (2) Unsupervised classification was performed on the edge-enhanced image to identify and extract water areas; (3) Water areas from (2) were masked from the non edge-enhanced image and unsupervised classification of the remaining pixels was grouped into seven classes (water, wet marsh, marsh, forested, mixed vegetation, vegetated bare earth, and bare earth); and (4) Results of (2) and (3) were merged to generate a final thematically classified raster dataset. Process_Date: 2016 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Julie Bernier Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing and physical Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8000 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jbernier@usgs.gov Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Raster Raster_Object_Information: Raster_Object_Type: Grid Cell Row_Count: 2169 Column_Count: 1739 Vertical_Count: 1 Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Planar: Grid_Coordinate_System: Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator Universal_Transverse_Mercator: UTM_Zone_Number: 18 Transverse_Mercator: Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.9996 Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -75.0 Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0 False_Easting: 500000.0 False_Northing: 0.0 Planar_Coordinate_Information: Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: row and column Coordinate_Representation: Abscissa_Resolution: 30.0 Ordinate_Resolution: 30.0 Planar_Distance_Units: Meters Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: D WGS 1984 Ellipsoid_Name: WGS 1984 Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.0 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257223563 Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: T19850417_lt5_a2a_final.tif, T19940426_lt5_a2a_lc_final_rev12_2016.tif, T20150522_lc8_a2a_lc_final.tif Entity_Type_Definition: GeoTIFF files containing thematic raster datasets representing land-cover classes for each of two Landsat 5 and one Landsat 8 image aquired in 1985 and 2015. Entity_Type_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute: Attribute_Label: OBJECTID Attribute_Definition: Internal feature number Attribute_Definition_Source: Esri Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated Attribute: Attribute_Label: Value Attribute_Definition: Land-cover class number Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: 0 Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: OUT - pixels outside of analysis extent Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: 1 Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: WATER - pixels classified as water Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: 4 Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: WET MARSH - pixels classified as wet marsh land cover Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: 6 Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: MARSH - pixels classified as marsh land cover Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: 7 Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: FORESTED - pixels classified as forested land cover Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: 9 Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: MIXED VEGETATION - pixels classified as mixed vegetation land cover Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: 10 Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: VEGETATED BARE EARTH - pixels classified as vegetated bare earth land cover Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: 11 Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: BARE EARTH - pixels classified as bare earth Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute: Attribute_Label: Count Attribute_Definition: The number of cells per value class. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 3123 Range_Domain_Maximum: 2615233 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Dimensionless Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Julie Bernier Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing and physical Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8000 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jbernier@usgs.gov Distribution_Liability: This publication was prepared by an agency of the United States Government. Although these data have been processed successfully on a computer system at the U.S. Geological Survey, no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system, or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution imply any such warranty. The U.S. Geological Survey shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data described and (or) contained herein. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: GeoTIFF Format_Version_Date: 2017 Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://coastal.er.usgs.gov/data-release/doi-F76T0KHH/data/landsat_a2a_lc_final_v2016.zip Fees: None, if obtained online Technical_Prerequisites: These raster datasets were created using Esri ArcGIS version 10.2.2 and can be opened using Esri ArcGIS version 10.0 or higher; these data may also be viewed using the free GIS viewer ArcGIS Explorer. Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20190313 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Julie Bernier Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing and physical Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8000 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jbernier@usgs.gov Metadata_Standard_Name: Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998 Metadata_Access_Constraints: None Metadata_Use_Constraints: The U.S. Geological Survey requests that it be acknowledged as the originator of this dataset in any future products or research derived from these data. Metadata_Security_Information: Metadata_Security_Classification_System: None Metadata_Security_Classification: Unclassified Metadata_Security_Handling_Description: None