Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Kira Barrera Originator: Lisa Robbins Publication_Date: 20170217 Title: Acidification and Increasing CO2 Flux Associated with Five, Springs Coast, Florida Springs (1991-2014) Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: tabular digital data Series_Information: Series_Name: U.S. Geological Survey Data Release Issue_Identification: doi:10.5066/F7WW7FVW Publication_Information: Publication_Place: St. Petersburg, FL Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: http://dx.doi.org/10.5066/doi-F7WW7FVW Description: Abstract: Scientists from the South West Florida Management District (SWFWMD) acquired and analyzed over 20 years of seasonally-sampled hydrochemical data from five first-order-magnitude (springs that discharge 2.83 m3 s-1 or more) coastal springs located in west-central Florida. These data were subsequently obtained by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) for further analyses and interpretation. The spring study sites (Chassahowitzka, Homosassa, Kings Bay, Rainbow, and Weeki Wachee), which are fed by the Floridan Aquifer system and discharge into the Gulf of Mexico were investigated to identify temporal and spatial trends of pH, alkalinity, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) and CO2 flux. Purpose: The goal of this research was to determine whether the spring systems demonstrate significant changes in carbonate system parameters through time and space, and to identify the potential effects of spring-fed discharge into the Gulf of Mexico. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 1991 Ending_Date: 2014 Currentness_Reference: ground condition Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: Not planned Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -82.949523926065 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -82.378234863587 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 29.12778958461 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 28.221744489074 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Theme_Keyword: acidification Theme_Keyword: springs Theme_Keyword: CO2 flux Theme_Keyword: environmental monitoring Theme_Keyword: estuaries Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Thesaurus Theme_Keyword: geochemistry Theme_Keyword: hydrology Theme_Keyword: marine geology Theme_Keyword: climate change Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Categories Theme_Keyword: oceans Theme_Keyword: inlandwaters Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Place_Keyword: Florida Springs Coast Place_Keyword: West Central Gulf Coast Florida Place_Keyword: Marion County Place_Keyword: Citrus County Place_Keyword: Hernando County Temporal: Temporal_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Temporal_Keyword: modern Access_Constraints: None Use_Constraints: Public domain data from the U.S. Government are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. The U.S. Geological Survey requests to be acknowledged as originator of these data in future products or derivative research Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Kira Barrera Contact_Organization: US Geological Survey Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 600 4th St. South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: Fl Postal_Code: 33701 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8044 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: kbarrera@usgs.gov Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Barnett, V., Lewis, T. Publication_Date: 1994 Title: Outliers in Statistical Data Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Hoboken, New Jersey Publisher: John Wiley & Sons Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1002/bimj.4710370219 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Dickson, A. G. Publication_Date: 1984 Title: pH scales and proton-transfer reactions in saline media such as sea water Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Online Publisher: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(84)90225-4 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Dickson, A. G. Publication_Date: 1990 Title: Thermodynamics of the dissociation of boric acid in synthetic seawater from 273.15 to 318.15 K Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Online Publisher: Deep Sea Research Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(90)90004-F Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Lewis, E., and D. W. R. Wallace Publication_Date: 1998 Title: Program developed for CO2 system calculations Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy Publisher: ORNL/CDIAC-105 Online_Linkage: http://cdiac.ornl.gov/oceans/co2rprt.html Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Robbins, L. L., M. E.Hansen, J. A. Kleypas, and S. C. Meylan Publication_Date: 1998 Title: CO2calc:A user-friendly seawater carbon calculator for windows, Max Os X, and iOS (iPhone) Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Online Publisher: USGS. Online_Linkage: https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1280/index.html Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Millero, F. J. Publication_Date: 2010 Title: Carbonate constants for estuarine waters Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Online Publisher: Marine and Freshwater Research Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1071/MF09254 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Raymond, P. A., and J. J. Cole. Publication_Date: 2001 Title: Gas exchange in rivers and estuaries: choosing a gas transfer velocity Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Online Publisher: Estuaries and Coasts Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.2307/1352954 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Uppström, L. R. Publication_Date: 1974 Title: The boron/chlorinity ratio of deep- sea water from the Pacific Ocean Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Online Publisher: Research Oceanography Online_Linkage: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-7471(74)90074-6 Data_Quality_Information: Attribute_Accuracy: Attribute_Accuracy_Report: Utilizing the empirical rule (Barnett and Lewis, 1994), as a method for quality assurance and control of data, those values greater than three standard deviations from the mean were identified as outliers and removed from the dataset. Logical_Consistency_Report: No formal logical accuracy tests were conducted Completeness_Report: Data set is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. Users are advised to read the rest of the metadata record carefully for additional details. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: No formal positional accuracy tests were conducted Vertical_Positional_Accuracy: Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report: No formal positional accuracy tests were conducted Lineage: Process_Step: Process_Description: Spring hydrochemical data were collected and analyzed by the South West Florida Management District (SWFWMD) and then subsequently obtained by the USGS from the Water Management Information System (WMIS) database (http://www18.swfwmd.state.fl.us/ResData/Search/ExtDefault.aspx. Hydrochemical data from stations associated with each of the five study springs and coastal study sites were aggregated by site, and subsequently aggregated seasonally. Spring stations that were sampled at irregular intervals throughout the study period were excluded from analysis. Spring water temperature was the only parameter with occasional missing values. Missing values were estimated by averaging the three most recent seasonal equivalents. Process_Date: 2015 Process_Step: Process_Description: Meteorological data (temperature and wind speed) was obtained from the Florida Automated Weather Network (FAWN) database (https://fawn.ifas.ufl.edu/). Process_Date: 2015 Process_Step: Process_Description: Atmospheric CO2 measurements from the Mauna Loa Observatory were obtained (http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/). Process_Date: 2015 Process_Step: Process_Description: The partial pressure of CO2 was calculated using the inputs of total alkalinity (TA) and pHTotal pairs (converted from pHNBS using Dickson 1984; Lewis and Wallace 1998), temperature, and salinity (converted from conductivity) using the CO2calc program v.4.0.1 (Robbins et al. 2010), the dissociation constants of carbonic acid from Millero (2010) and HSO-4 from Dickson (1990), and total borate from Uppström (1974). Air-water CO2 fluxes were also calculated utilizing CO2calc and the gas transfer velocity constant of Raymond and Cole (2001), wind speed, atmospheric pCO2 and water temperature. Process_Date: 2015 Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: SpringsCoastCarbonateData.csv, SpringsCoastCarbonateData.xlsx Entity_Type_Definition: Southwest Florida Water Management District hydrochemical data aggregated by spring group and season from 1991-2014 Entity_Type_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute: Attribute_Label: Site Id Attribute_Definition: The name of the sample collection location Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: A textual identifier of the sample collection location, denoted as either: spring group (Weeki Wachee, Chassahowitzka, Homosassa, Kings Bay, Rainbow), or coastal site. Attribute: Attribute_Label: Year_Season Attribute_Definition: The year and season of sample collection: Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 1991_1 Range_Domain_Maximum: 2014_1 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: The year and season of sample collection: 1 = winter, 2 = spring, 3 = summer, 4 = fall Attribute: Attribute_Label: Calcium (Dissolved) mg/L Attribute_Definition: The concentration of calcium in a water sample, measured in milligrams per liter (mg/l) Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 30.15 Range_Domain_Maximum: 316 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: milligrams per liter (mg/l) Attribute: Attribute_Label: Nitrate-Nitrite (N) mg/L Attribute_Definition: The concentration of Nitrate-Nitrite in a water sample, measured in milligrams per liter (mg/l) Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.00 Range_Domain_Maximum: 1.85 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: milligrams per liter (mg/l), value of -9999 denotes data not collected Attribute: Attribute_Label: pH (Total) SU Attribute_Definition: The acidity of a water sample on the seawater scale Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 7.00 Range_Domain_Maximum: 8.00 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Standard Units (SU) Attribute: Attribute_Label: Alkalinity (Total) umol/kg Attribute_Definition: A measure of the total buffering capacity of water Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 1197.02 Range_Domain_Maximum: 3360.25 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: micromoles per kilogram of seawater (umol/kg) Attribute: Attribute_Label: Temperature (Total) Deg. (C) Attribute_Definition: The in situ temperature of a water sample Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 17.84 Range_Domain_Maximum: 29.29 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Degrees Celsius (C) Attribute: Attribute_Label: Salinity (psu) Attribute_Definition: A measure of the salinity of a water sample Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.09 Range_Domain_Maximum: 24.57 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Practical salinity units (psu) Attribute: Attribute_Label: Atmospheric CO2 (ppm) Attribute_Definition: A measure of the concentration of CO2 in the air Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 353.79 Range_Domain_Maximum: 398.35 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Parts per million (ppm) Attribute: Attribute_Label: Wind AVG (mph) Attribute_Definition: Average wind speed Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 6.90 Range_Domain_Maximum: 9.40 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Miles per hour (mph) Attribute: Attribute_Label: pCO2 (microatm) Attribute_Definition: A measure of the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in gas phase in equilibrium with a water sample. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 793.29 Range_Domain_Maximum: 18870.47 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Microatmospheres (microatm) Attribute: Attribute_Label: CO2 Flux (mmol/m2/d) Attribute_Definition: A measure of carbon dioxide gas exchange between air-water interface Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 114.75 Range_Domain_Maximum: 7749.75 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: (mmol/m2/d) Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Kira Barrera Contact_Organization: USGS Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 600 4th St. South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: Fl Postal_Code: 33701 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8044 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: kbarrera@usgs.gov Resource_Description: SpringsCoastCarbonateData.csv, SpringsCoastCarbonateData.xlsx Distribution_Liability: Although these data have been processed successfully on a computer system at the USGS, no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system, or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. The USGS shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data described and/or contained herein. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: CSV (Comma Separated Values) Format_Specification: RFC 4180 Format_Version_Number: 1 Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://coastal.er.usgs.gov/data-release/doi-F7WW7FVW/data/SpringsCoastCarbonateData.zip Access_Instructions: Available Online Fees: None, if obtained online. Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20170217 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Kira Barrera Contact_Organization: US Geological Survey Contact_Position: Physical Scientist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 600 4th St. N City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: Fl Postal_Code: 33701 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8044 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: kbarrera@usgs.gov Metadata_Standard_Name: Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998