Lauren T. Toth 20250317 tabular digital data Lauren T. Toth Anastasios Stathakopoulos Scarlette Hsia David Weinstein 20250317 tabular digital data U.S. Geological Survey data release doi:10.5066/P13IZY8R St. Petersburg, FL U.S. Geological Survey https://doi.org/10.5066/P13IZY8R The U.S. Geological Survey St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center’s (USGS SPCMSC) Core Archive in St. Petersburg, FL contains a collection of coral-reef cores collected from throughout the Florida Keys reef tract (FKRT). In a previous study (Toth and Stathakopoulos, 2019), USGS researchers analyzed the upper, Holocene (~11,700 years ago to present) sections of those cores to evaluate how the coral composition of the FKRT changed over millennial timescales. Using the same methods, USGS researchers quantified the relative composition of late Pleistocene (~116 to 74 thousand years before present; Marine Isotope Stages [MIS] 5d, 5c, 5b, and 5a) sections of the coral reef cores dated by Hsia and others (2024a,b). This data release provides metadata about the location of the cores and summarizes the relative composition of coral taxa and other carbonates and the water depths (relative to modern mean sea level) of the analyzed core intervals. The data release also provides a summary of previously unpublished data (collected by David Weinstein) on the relative composition of an older Late Pleistocene reef (growing ~130–116 thousand years before present; MIS5e) from the subaerially exposed fossil reef at Windley Key Fossil Reef Geological Park. These data are compared with Holocene and modern coral-reef assemblages on the FKRT in Toth and others (2025). These data were collected as part of a study (Toth and others, 2025) evaluating spatial and temporal variability in coral composition of MIS5d-a reefs in the FKRT and how MIS5c-a assemblages compared with those from MIS5e, the Holocene, and modern reefs. All the coral-reef cores reported in this data release are recorded in the U.S. Geological Survey St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center’s geologic core and sample database (Williams and others, 2013) and are archived at the center’s Core Archive. 20250303 publication date Complete None planned -82.8408 -80.1423 25.3707 24.4348 USGS Metadata Identifier USGS:e596d6fd-da85-431d-9874-d1dd46ca7e1d ISO 19115 Topic Category biota oceans USGS Thesaurus marine geology reef ecosystems radiometric dating ecology relative abundance analysis Pleistocene Geographic Names Information System Florida Keys State of Florida Dry Tortugas Windley Key No access constraints. Please see 'Distribution Information' for details. These data are marked with a Creative Common CC0 1.0 Universal License. These data are in the public domain and do not have any use constraints. Users are advised to read the dataset's metadata thoroughly to understand appropriate use and data limitations. Lauren T. Toth U.S. Geological Survey Research Physical Scientist mailing and physical

600 4th Street South

St. Petersburg FL 33701 727-502-8029 ltoth@usgs.gov Environment as of Metadata Creation: Microsoft Windows 10 Enterprise Version 22H2; Microsoft Excel Version 2402; Coral Point Count with Excel extensions (CPCe). Lauren T. Toth Anastasios Stathakopoulos Scarlette Hsia David Weinstein 2025 publication The Depositional Record Shinn Special Issue Online Wiley https://doi.org/10.1002/dep2.70009 Lauren T. Toth Anastasios Stathakopoulos 20190521 tabular digital data U.S. Geological Survey data release doi:10.5066/P93XXXA0 St. Petersburg, Florida U.S. Geological Survey - St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center https://doi.org/10.5066/P93XXXA0 Lauren T. Toth Anastasios Stathakopoulos Ilsa B. Kuffner Rob R. Ruzicka Michael A. Colella Eugene A. Shinn 20190606 publication Ecology Volume 100, Issue 9 Online Wiley https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.2781 Breanna N. Williams Heather A. Schreppel Christopher D. Reich Kathryn Smith Ginger Tiling-Range Chelsea A. Stalk Steven Douglas Shawn V. Dadisman James G. Flocks Lauren T. Toth Anastasios Stathakopoulos 20130725 application/service, tabular digital data ArcGIS Online Esri https://doi.org/10.5066/F7319TR3 Scarlette Hsia Lauren T. Toth Richard Mortlock Charles Kerans 20240723 publication Quaternary Science Advances Volume 15 Online Elsevier BV 2024a https://doi.org/10.1016/j.qsa.2024.100222 Scarlette Hsia Lauren T. Toth Richard A. Mortlock Anastasios Stathakopoulos Charles Kerans 20240621 tabular digital data U.S. Geological Survey data release doi:10.5066/P9EJBYKZ St. Petersburg, Florida U.S. Geological Survey - St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center 2024b https://doi.org/10.5066/P9EJBYKZ Lauren T. Toth Anastasios Stathakopoulos Ilsa B. Kuffner 20180426 tabular digital data U.S. Geological Survey data release doi:10.5066/F7NV9HJX St. Petersburg, Florida U.S. Geological Survey - St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center https://doi.org/10.5066/F7NV9HJX Kevin E. Kohler Shaun M. Gill 20060228 publication Computers & Geosciences Volume 32, Issue 9 Online Elsevier https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2005.11.009 No formal attribute accuracy tests were conducted; however, all species identifications were independently verified by L.T. Toth and A. Stathakopoulos and aligned with the Corals of the World taxonomic list (https://www.coralsoftheworld.org). No formal logical accuracy tests were conducted. The data set is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. Users are advised to read the rest of the metadata record carefully for additional details. No formal positional accuracy tests were conducted. The horizontal coordinates were collected in the World Geodetic System of 1984 (WGS 84) coordinate system. No formal positional accuracy tests were conducted. The vertical positions were collected in the mean sea level coordinate system. Quantifying MIS5c-a Coral Reef Composition: Following the methods described in Toth and Stathakopoulos (2019), USGS researchers analyzed the composition of the Late Pleistocene (~116 to ~74 thousand years before present; Marine Isotope Stage 5d-a) of 31 reef cores through digital analysis of high-resolution, photographic core logs (provided in Toth and others, 2018). The late Pleistocene age of the intervals was confirmed through radiometric dating by Hsia and others (2024a,b) as described in Toth and others (2025). USGS researchers (Toth and Stathakopoulos) identified all visible material in the core photographs including corals, unconsolidated sediments, and consolidated carbonate reef rock, using the physical core records for reference. All coral taxa were identified to the species level whenever possible, using the Corals of the World taxonomic list as reference (https://www.coralsoftheworld.org). However, some corals were combined into broader taxonomic groups. Agaricia and Millepora spp., which were all rare in these records, were only identified to the genus level. Porites astreoides was always identified to the species level, but the other western Atlantic Porites spp.—P. porites, P. divaricata, and P. furcata—were grouped as “branching Porites spp.”. Orbicella annularis, O. faveolata, and O. franksi were all classified as “Orbicella spp.” because of difficulty in distinguishing fine-scale differences in the morphology of this group. Corals that were too taphonomically degraded or too small to be confidently identified to even the genus level were categorized as “unidentified coral species”. USGS researchers quantified the abundance of each coral taxon as well as unconsolidated sediment and carbonate reef rock by using the Area Analysis Tool in the program Coral Point Count (CPCe; Kohler and Gill, 2006) to digitally trace the projected surface area of all material in the core photographs. These data were used to calculate the percent composition of all core constituents within 66 recovered intervals of the 31 cores. The individual depth intervals were defined based on core penetration depths indicated in the core boxes by the researchers who collected the cores (Toth and others, 2018). For each interval, the relative percent composition of all coral taxa were calculated by dividing the area represented by each individual coral taxa in an interval by the total area of all coral taxa in that interval. Total (absolute) percentage recovery within each interval was also estimated by dividing the total measured areas of an interval by a theoretical interval area, calculated as the product of its recorded length and digital measurements of its projected width as described in Toth and Stathakopoulos (2019) and Toth and others (2019). 2024 Quantifying Composition of the MIS5e Coral Reef at Windley Key: These data were originally collected from quarried areas of the subaerially exposed Key Largo Limestone at Windley Key Fossil Reef Geological Park (24.9492, -80.5961) by Weinstein. Briefly, compositional features of the Key Largo Limestone were identified along seven, 10-meter (m) transects placed parallel to the ground at randomly selected heights (0.6–1.7 m) along exposed walls of the quarry. The length of each textural feature along each transect, including corals, was recorded. However, in the original study, corals were only identified to the genus level. USGS researchers (Toth and Stathakopoulos) used photographs taken during the surveys to verify and refine the coral species identifications (using Corals of the World for reference). This data release provides the relative percent composition of all coral taxa and total non-coral carbonates identified on the transects. 2024 Point Point 73 0.0001 0.0001 Decimal degrees World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS 84) WGS_1984 6378137.0 298.257223563 Mean sea level 0.1 meters Attribute values Detailed entity and attribute descriptions for the data file Late_Pleistocene_coral_reef_relative_composition (.xlsx and .csv), are detailed in a data dictionary (Data_Dictionary_Late_Pleistocene_coral_reef_relative_composition.docx). These metadata are not complete without this file, and users should refer to the data dictionary when viewing the data file. The entity and attribute information were generated by the individual and/or agency identified as the originator of the dataset. Please review the rest of the metadata record for additional details and information. USGS SPCMSC Data Management U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center Mailing and physical

600 4th Street South

St. Petersburg FL 33701 USA (727) 502-8000 gs-g-spcmsc_data_inquiries@usgs.gov Late_Pleistocene_coral_reef_relative_composition.csv, Late_Pleistocene_coral_reef_relative_composition.xlsx, Data_Dictionary_Late_Pleistocene_coral_reef_relative_composition.docx Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data for other purposes, nor on all computer systems, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. comma-delimited text, Microsoft Excel format, Microsoft Word format https://coastal.er.usgs.gov/data-release/doi-P13IZY8R/data/Late_Pleistocene_coral_reef_relative_composition.zip None 20250317 USGS SPCMSC Data Management U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center Mailing and physical

600 4th Street South

St. Petersburg FL 33701 USA (727) 502-8000 gs-g-spcmsc_data_inquiries@usgs.gov Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001-1998