Metadata: Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Arnell S. Forde Originator: Julie C. Bernier Originator: Daniel J. Ciarletta Originator: Jennifer L. Miselis Publication_Date: 20230502 Title: Ground Penetrating Radar and Global Positioning System Data Collected from Fire Island, New York, March-April 2021 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: DZT, tabular, vector, and raster digital data Larger_Work_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Arnell S. Forde Originator: Julie C. Bernier Originator: Daniel J. Ciarletta Originator: Jennifer L. Miselis Publication_Date: 20230502 Title: Ground Penetrating Radar and Global Positioning System Data Collected in 2021 From Fire Island, New York Series_Information: Series_Name: U.S. Geological Survey data release Issue_Identification: doi:10.5066/P97YW2UL Publication_Information: Publication_Place: St. Petersburg, Florida Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey - St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P97YW2UL Description: Abstract: Fire Island, New York (NY) is a 50-kilometer (km) long barrier island system fronting the southern coast of Long Island, NY with relatively complex geology. In 2016, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) conducted ground penetrating radar (GPR) surveys and sediment sampling at Fire Island to characterize and quantify spatial variability in the subaerial geology (Forde and others, 2018; Buster and others, 2018). These surveys, in combination with historical data, allowed for a preliminary reconstruction of the barrier’s long-term evolution. In 2021, scientists from the USGS New York Water Science Center (NYWSC), on behalf of the USGS St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center (SPCMSC), conducted additional GPR and sediment sampling surveys at Point O' Woods (POW) and Ho-Hum Beach (HHB) on Fire Island to fill in gaps in the timeline of Fire Island’s development and illuminate relationships between different geomorphic structures observed along the island. This information will be used to calibrate a model of barrier island development, quantifying historic sediment fluxes within the Fire Island system. Purpose: The data release (Forde and others, 2022) associated with this metadata record serves as an archive of GPR and geospatial data collected from back-barrier environments along Fire Island, March 29 - April 3, 2021 (USGS Field Activity Number (FAN) 2021-312-FA). Sedimentologic (vibracore and sand auger) data were also collected during the same survey to characterize and age-date the subsurface sedimentology; those data are available as a separate data release (Bernier and others, 2023). Additional information regarding data acquisition and processing methods are provided in Forde and others (2018). Supplemental_Information: Data were collected during USGS FAN 2021-312-FA. Additional survey and data details are available from the U.S. Geological Survey Coastal and Marine Geoscience Data System (CMGDS) at, https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fan=2021-312-FA. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 20210329 Ending_Date: 20210403 Currentness_Reference: ground condition Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -73.133500 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -72.925556 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 40.716279 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 40.648985 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Metadata Identifier Theme_Keyword: USGS:708afe9c-97f0-4e62-8e62-bd006cad8e88 Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category Theme_Keyword: geoscientificInformation Theme_Keyword: oceans Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Thesaurus Theme_Keyword: ground penetrating radar Theme_Keyword: electromagnetic surveying Theme_Keyword: geology Theme_Keyword: marine geology Theme_Keyword: coastal processes Theme_Keyword: hazards Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Data Categories for Marine Planning Theme_Keyword: distributions Theme_Keyword: bathymetry and elevation Theme_Keyword: physical habitats and geomorphology Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Marine Realms Information Bank (MRIB) Keywords Theme_Keyword: electromagnetic conductivity measurements Theme_Keyword: effects of coastal change Theme_Keyword: topographic mapping Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Theme_Keyword: subsurface profile Theme_Keyword: 2021-312-FA Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: Common Geographic Areas Place_Keyword: United States Place_Keyword: New York Place_Keyword: Long Island Place_Keyword: Fire Island Wilderness Place_Keyword: Fire Island National Seashore Access_Constraints: None. Use_Constraints: Public domain data from the U.S. Government are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. The U.S. Geological Survey requests to be acknowledged as originators of the data in future products or derivative research. Users are advised to read the metadata record thoroughly to understand appropriate use and data limitations. Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center Contact_Person: Arnell S. Forde Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing and Physical Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8000 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: aforde@usgs.gov Data_Set_Credit: Funding and (or) support for this study were provided by the USGS Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program. The authors thank Michael Noll, Chris Schubert, Anthony Chu, William Capruso, and Ron Busciolano of the USGS NYWSC, as well as Michael Bilecki, Jordan Raphael, and Jason Demers of the National Park Service Fire Island National Seashore, for their assistance in survey coordination and data collection. This document was improved by scientific/editorial and metadata reviews from Christopher Smith and Breanna Williams of the St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center. Native_Data_Set_Environment: Environment as of Metadata Creation: Microsoft Windows 10 Version 6.2 (Build 9200); Esri ArcMap 10.8.1.14362; Matlab version R2021A; GrafNav, version 8.9; Reflexw Version 7.2.2; GSSI RADAN version 7.5.18 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Arnell S. Forde Originator: Julie C. Bernier Originator: Jennifer L. Miselis Publication_Date: 20180221 Title: Ground Penetrating Radar and Differential Global Positioning System Data Collected in April 2016 From Fire Island, New York Series_Information: Series_Name: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series Issue_Identification: 1078 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.3133/ds1078 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Noreen A. Buster Originator: Julie C. Bernier Originator: Owen T. Brenner Originator: Kyle W. Kelso Originator: Thomas M. Tuten Originator: Jennifer L. Miselis Publication_Date: 2018 Title: Sediment Data From Vibracores Collected in 2016 From Fire Island, New York Series_Information: Series_Name: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series Issue_Identification: 1100 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.3133/ds1100 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Julie C. Bernier Originator: Daniel J. Ciarletta Originator: Cheyenne S. Everhart Originator: Nancy T. DeWitt Publication_Date: 20230502 Title: Sediment Data From Sand Auger and Vibracores Collected in 2021 and 2022 From Fire Island, New York Series_Information: Series_Name: U.S. Geological Survey data release Issue_Identification: doi:10.5066/P91P1T88 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: St. Petersburg, FL Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P91P1T88 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Joint Airborne Lidar Bathymetry Technical Center of eXpertise (JALBTCX) Originator: NOAA Office for Coastal Management (NOAA/OCM) Publication_Date: 2020 Title: Sediment 2020 USACE NAN Topobathy Lidar DEM: New Jersey and New York Online_Linkage: https://coast.noaa.gov/dataviewer/#/lidar/search/where:ID=9022 Online_Linkage: https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/inport/item/58880 Data_Quality_Information: Attribute_Accuracy: Attribute_Accuracy_Report: Visual inspection of the GPR profile images rendered from the data did not show any major anomalies. Latitude, longitude, and elevation values included in the final navigation files were manually checked and verified by the processor. Logical_Consistency_Report: This dataset is from one field activity with consistent instrument calibrations. Completeness_Report: A total of 25 GPR lines (lines 001-013 for HHB; 014-019, 021-026 for POW), representing a linear distance of approximately 12.5 km, were acquired during USGS field activity number 2021-312-FA. During the survey, one additional line was collected at POW to check for the location of any buried utilities prior to coring; this line (line 020) was not processed, and the data were excluded from this data release. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: When possible, location information associated with each GPR profile was determined by post-processed differential correction using a base/rover setup. Processing the full-carrier phase data allows precise positioning of the base and rover receivers. Differential processing improves the rover positions by assessing positional errors computed at the base receiver and applying those errors or differences to the rover receiver. Forward and backward time-series processing of the kinematic (rover) data provides an independent calculation of the baseline trajectory and rover position relative to the base station; the positional accuracy can be estimated by differencing the time series (position separation). For lines 015, 021, 022, and 025 (POW), the estimated post-processed horizontal accuracy (2-sigma) was 0.009 +/- 0.006 meters (m). Along most GPR lines; however, there were significant global positioning system (GPS) dropouts that resulted in large gaps in the post-processed navigation data. Along these lines, the raw rover x,y coordinates were used. The manufacturer's specified real-time accuracy of the Spectra Precision SP90M rover is 0.25 m + 1 part-per-million (ppm); visual inspection of profile images showed offsets between raw and post-processed horizontal position data of up to 1 m. Vertical_Positional_Accuracy: Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report: As described above, location information associated with lines 015, 021, 022, and 025 (POW) was determined by post-processed differential correction using a base/rover setup. For these lines, the estimated post-processed vertical accuracy (2-sigma) was 0.020 +/- 0.014 m. Along the remaining lines where significant GPS dropouts resulted in large gaps in the post-processed navigation data, elevations at the raw rover x,y coordinates were interpolated from light detection and ranging (lidar) data collected by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) in January 2020 (USACE JALBTCX, 2020). Comparison of post-processed and lidar elevation profiles along each GPR line showed good agreement except in beach and dune environments where the Fire Island coastline had eroded landward between 2020 and 2021. Therefore, for lines 001, 002, 005-011 (HHB), 014, 016-019, 023, 024, and 026 (POW), the elevation values in the raw navigation string were replaced with post-processed (beach and dune environments) or lidar (everywhere else) elevations. The estimated vertical accuracy (2-sigma) of the post-processed beach and dune elevations for these lines was 0.019 +/- 0.020 m; the average difference between lidar and post-processed elevation everywhere else was 0.023 +/- 0.165 m (2-sigma). Lineage: Process_Step: Process_Description: Navigation data acquisition - Position and elevation data for each GPR line were recorded at the time of collection using a Spectra Precision SP90M GPS receiver and geodetic antenna. GPS data were recorded concurrently throughout the survey using a Trimble R-10 receiver and antenna at a base station set up on local benchmarks at Bellport Beach (designated U374) and Robins Rest (designated REST) for the HHB and POW surveys, respectively. The rover unit was mounted 1.320 m above the GPR antenna and was connected to the GPR's digital control unit. Raw GPS positions were output to the GPR control unit in real time as a National Marine Electronics Association (NMEA) GGA string at 0.5-second (s) intervals using coordinated universal time (UTC) stamps and saved as a .PLT data file. Process_Date: 2021 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Julie C. Bernier Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Contact_Voice_Telephone: (727) 502-8000 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jbernier@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: GPR data acquisition - A total of 25 GPR lines (lines 001-013 for HHB; 014-019, 021-026 for POW), representing a linear distance of approximately 12.5 km, were acquired during USGS FAN 2021-312-FA within developed and undeveloped back-barrier environments at the HHB and POW study sites. At POW, data were collected along beach accesses and established roads within and east of the local community. At HHB, which is located entirely within the Otis Pike Wilderness Area, data were collected along washover fans and along hiking trails through back-barrier scrub/shrub vegetation. The GPR data were collected with a Geophysical Survey Systems, Inc. (GSSI) TerraSIRch SIR System-3000, which acquires single-channel GPR data and includes a Digital Control Unit (model DC-3000) and 200-Megahertz (MHz) antenna. A 16-inch survey wheel (GSSI model 620) was attached to the back of the antenna and calibrated prior to surveying to ensure an accurate revolution-of-wheel to distance ratio. Distance mode was used to record the raw GPR data and the raw GGA position string was recorded in real time via an Acumen SDR data logger. GPR traces were collected at a maximum rate of 64 scans per second with a vertical resolution of 1,024 samples per scan and an Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) filter was used (Lowpass = 600 MHz, Highpass = 50 MHz) to increase the signal-to-noise ratio of the recorded GPR data. Data were acquired using the SIR 3000 in TerraSIRch mode and saved in GSSI's proprietary Data Zero Time (DZT) format. Process_Date: 2021 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Julie C. Bernier Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Contact_Voice_Telephone: (727) 502-8000 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jbernier@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Navigation processing - Base station data were post-processed through the National Geodetic Survey (NGS) Online Positioning User Service (OPUS, https://geodesy.noaa.gov/OPUS/). The monument for NGS mark U374 at Bellport Beach was damaged at the time of the survey; therefore, the time-weighted coordinates calculated from all base-station occupations at U374 were used for post-processing. The time-weighted position calculated from all base-station occupations at REST did not differ significantly from the National Park Service control coordinates; therefore, the control coordinates were used for post-processing. The base station coordinates were imported into GrafNav, version 8.9 (NovAtel Waypoint Product Group), and the data from the rover GPS were post-processed to the concurrent base-station session data. The final, differentially corrected, GPS positions were computed at 0.5-s intervals for each rover GPS session. Along lines 015, 021, 022, and 025 (POW), the post-processed navigation data was exported in American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) text format as a NMEA GGA string, which replaced the uncorrected real-time rover positions recorded during acquisition (Forde and others, 2018). Along most GPR lines; however, there were significant dropouts (possibly attributed to atmospheric conditions and (or) the height of the back-barrier vegetation relative to the height of the rover antenna) that resulted in large gaps in the post-processed navigation data. Along these lines, elevations at the raw rover x,y coordinates were interpolated from lidar data collected in January 2020 by the USACE (USACE JALBTCX, 2020) using Esri ArcMap version 10.8.1. Comparison of post-processed and lidar elevation profiles along each GPR line showed good agreement except in beach and dune environments where the Fire Island coastline had eroded landward between 2020 and 2021. Therefore, for lines 001, 002, 005-011 (HHB), 014, 016-019, 023, 024, and 026 (POW), the elevation values in the raw navigation string were replaced with post-processed (beach and dune environments) or lidar (everywhere else) elevations; the NMEA checksum string was recalculated for each navigation string in Matlab version R2021A. Processed navigation data are provided in the North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83) (2011) coordinate system and processed orthometric elevations are reported relative to the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD88), derived using the GEOID12B geodetic model. The final navigation files provided in Forde and others (2022) were saved as ASCII text format (.gga) data files. Process_Date: 2021 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: 2021-312-FA_GGA.zip Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Julie C. Bernier Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Contact_Voice_Telephone: (727) 502-8000 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jbernier@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: GPR processing - Reflexw Version 7.2.2 (Sandmeier Scientific Software) geophysical near-surface processing and interpretation software was used to process the GPR data. GPR data were acquired in DZT format and later imported into Reflexw, where they were converted into a DAT file. For archival purposes, a non-proprietary version of the raw data was created by exporting the DAT file from Reflexw and saving it in ASCII 4-column format (.asc). The data were processed in a consistent order: (1) static correction was applied; (2) the mean value was subtracted (dewowed); (3) header gain applied during acquisition was removed; (4) manual Automatic Gain Control (AGC) gain was applied; and (5) post-processed GPS data were imported into the trace headers. Data were visually inspected after each step listed above and before elevation-corrected profiles were exported; all profiles were analyzed for errors or data gaps in the navigation and trace data to ensure data quality was maintained throughout. Hyperbola analyses were performed on all profiles to estimate the radar-wave velocities through the sediment. Calculated velocities at HHB (N=13) ranged from 0.06 to 0.20 meters per nanosecond (m/ns) and averaged 0.11 m/ns. Calculated velocities at POW (N=12) ranged from 0.08 to 0.35 meters per nanosecond (m/ns) and averaged 0.19 m/ns. The processed profile data were re-imported into GSSI RADAN version 7.5.18 software and the surface normalization processing algorithm was applied, adjusting the profile to both the measured terrain and a pre-determined site-specific radar-wave velocity. To facilitate comparison with data collected in 2016, radar-wave velocities of 0.08 m/ns (HHB) and 0.10 m/ns (POW) were applied based on the results of hyperbola analyses reported by Forde and others (2018). The elevation- and velocity-corrected profiles are provided as DZT-formatted files and were also exported as Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) images. Processed GPR profile trackline files were exported from RADAN 7 in Keyhole Markup Language (KML) format, projected to the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) 18 North (18N) coordinate system, and appended with profile-specific data acquisition and processing parameters in Esri ArcMap version 10.8.1. Process_Date: 2022 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: 2021-312-FA_gpr_traces.zip Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: 2021-312-FA_RADAN.zip Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: 2021-312-FA_profile_images.zip Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: 2021-312-FA_tracklines.zip Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Arnell S. Forde Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 600 4th Street South City: St.Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Contact_Voice_Telephone: (727)502-8000 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: aforde@usgs.gov Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Vector Point_and_Vector_Object_Information: SDTS_Terms_Description: SDTS_Point_and_Vector_Object_Type: String Point_and_Vector_Object_Count: 25 Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Planar: Grid_Coordinate_System: Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator Universal_Transverse_Mercator: UTM_Zone_Number: 18 Transverse_Mercator: Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.9996 Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -87.0 Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0.0 False_Easting: 500000.0 False_Northing: 0.0 Planar_Coordinate_Information: Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: coordinate pair Coordinate_Representation: Abscissa_Resolution: 0.6096 Ordinate_Resolution: 0.6096 Planar_Distance_Units: Meter Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: North American Datum 1983 Ellipsoid_Name: Geodectic Reference System 1980 Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.0 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257222101 Vertical_Coordinate_System_Definition: Altitude_System_Definition: Altitude_Datum_Name: North American Vertical Datum 1988 Altitude_Resolution: 0.001 Altitude_Distance_Units: meter Altitude_Encoding_Method: Attribute values Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: 2021-312-FA_gpr_traces.zip Entity_Type_Definition: File containing the raw, unprocessed GPR profile data exported in ASCII 4-column format. Many XYZ processing programs do not accept column header labels; therefore, they were not included in these files. The column headers are as follows: Column 1 = Horizontal distance (meters), Column 2 = Elevation (meters), Column 3 = Two-way travel time (nanoseconds), Column 4 = Amplitude (Megahertz). Entity_Type_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute: Attribute_Label: Horizontal distance Attribute_Definition: This column indicates the location, in meters, from the start (0) to the end of the GPR profile and can be used to locate the position of reflections. The linear distance data were collected using a 16-inch survey wheel. Attribute_Definition_Source: Reflexw Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Values start with 0 (the beginning of the profile) and end with the total distance (m) covered by the profile. Attribute: Attribute_Label: Elevation Attribute_Definition: Elevation data were not recorded directly to the GPR trace headers but were saved separately within the navigation GGA string. Attribute_Definition_Source: Reflexw Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Values in this column are all zero, since elevation data were not integrated into the raw data. Attribute: Attribute_Label: Two-way travel time Attribute_Definition: This column records the two-way travel time, in nanoseconds, that it takes to reach a reflection surface from the source. Attribute_Definition_Source: Reflexw Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0 Range_Domain_Maximum: 200 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Amplitude Attribute_Definition: Amplitude of reflection, in Megahertz Attribute_Definition_Source: Reflexw Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Data represents the amplitude of the reflection, which can vary widely. Values can be either negative or positive. Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: 2021-312-FA_GGA.zip Entity_Type_Definition: File containing the processed navigation data for the GPR profiles, which were output as GGA strings for each profile. Data are comma-separated text files and do not contain column headers; column definitions are provided in the following attributes: Entity_Type_Definition_Source: GrafNav Attribute: Attribute_Label: $GPGGA Attribute_Definition: Message ID; essential fix data that provides 3D location and accuracy. Attribute_Definition_Source: GrafNav Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Attribute is a file format identification. Attribute: Attribute_Label: UTC of position fix Attribute_Definition: Time stamp of position fix (Coordinated Universal Time) in hhmmss.00 format, where hh = hour (in 24-hour format), mm = minutes, and ss = seconds. Attribute_Definition_Source: GrafNav Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Value is the UTC time stamp and increases by 1 every second. Attribute: Attribute_Label: Latitude Attribute_Definition: The latitude of the XYZ point (NAD83) in DDMM.MMMMM format. Attribute_Definition_Source: GrafNav Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Values are degrees of latitude, spatial data. Attribute: Attribute_Label: Direction of latitude Attribute_Definition: Direction of latitude is in the Northern (N) Hemisphere. Attribute_Definition_Source: GravNav Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: The attribute indicates that the degree of latitude is in the Northern Hemisphere. Attribute: Attribute_Label: Longitude Attribute_Definition: The longitude of the XYZ data point (NAD83) in DDMM.MMMMM format. Attribute_Definition_Source: GrafNav Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Values are degrees of longitude, spatial data. Attribute: Attribute_Label: Direction of longitude Attribute_Definition: Direction of longitude is in the Western (W) Hemisphere. Attribute_Definition_Source: GrafNav Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: The attribute indicates that the degree of longitude is in the Western Hemisphere. Attribute: Attribute_Label: GPS Quality indicator 0: Fix not valid 1: GPS fix 2: Differential GPS fix, OmniSTAR VBS 4: Real-Time Kinematic, fixed integers 5: Real-Time Kinematic, float integers, OmniSTAR XP/HP or Location RTK Attribute_Definition: Defines the type and quality of the GPS data. Occasionally, GPS quality indicator values were not recorded by the acquisition system to the raw GGA string; consequently, these fields are displayed as blank/empty attributes in the final navigation files. Attribute_Definition_Source: GrafNav Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0 Range_Domain_Maximum: 5 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Number of satellites in view Attribute_Definition: Number of satellites utilized by the program to process the data. Occasionally, values were not recorded by the acquisition system to the raw GGA string; consequently, these fields are displayed as blank/empty attributes in the final navigation files. Attribute_Definition_Source: GrafNav Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 00 Range_Domain_Maximum: 24 Attribute: Attribute_Label: HDOP Attribute_Definition: Horizontal Dilution of Precision (HDOP) expresses the effect of satellite positions on the precision of the reported positions. < 1 = Ideal, 1-2 = Excellent, 2-5 = Good, 5-10 = Moderate, 10-20 = Fair, > 20 = Poor. Attribute_Definition_Source: GrafNav Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0 Range_Domain_Maximum: 20 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Orthometric height (MSL reference) Attribute_Definition: Height of the XYZ position in reference to NAVD88, using GEOID12B. Attribute_Definition_Source: GrafNav Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Elevation above GEOID12B, in meters. Attribute: Attribute_Label: M Attribute_Definition: Unit of measure used for the orthometric height. Attribute_Definition_Source: GrafNav Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: The orthometric height is reported in meters. Attribute: Attribute_Label: Geoid separation Attribute_Definition: Height of GEOID (mean sea level) above the ellipsoid. Attribute_Definition_Source: GrafNav Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Separation between GEOID12B and the reference NAD83 ellipsoid, in meters. Attribute: Attribute_Label: M Attribute_Definition: Unit of measure used for the GEOID separation. Attribute_Definition_Source: GrafNav Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: The GEOID separation is reported in meters. Attribute: Attribute_Label: Age of differential GPS data record Attribute_Definition: Time, in seconds, since last GPS update. Attribute_Definition_Source: GrafNav Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: This field is required by the GGA string; however, only null values were recorded by the acquisition system for every line collected during the survey. This attribute is displayed as blank/empty in the final navigation files. Attribute: Attribute_Label: Reference station ID Attribute_Definition: Refers to the reference station used to process the GPS data presented in this dataset. Attribute_Definition_Source: GrafNav Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Values vary depending upon station used. A null value is utilized when any reference station ID is selected and no corrections are received. Attribute: Attribute_Label: Checksum data Attribute_Definition: The value of the checksum data used to detect errors; this field always begins with *. Attribute_Definition_Source: GrafNav Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: The checksum is the hexadecimal representation of two hexadecimal characters of an XOR of all the bytes between [$] and [*], not including the delimiters. Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: 2021-312-FA_profile_images.zip Entity_Type_Definition: File contains the JPEG images of the processed GPR profiles with the elevation and radar-wave velocity corrections applied. Entity_Type_Definition_Source: USGS Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: 2021-312-FA_tracklines.zip Entity_Type_Definition: Geospatial data representation showing the locations of all the GPR tracklines collected from Fire Island, NY, during 2021-312-FA. Geographic Information System (GIS) files are provided in Esri shapefile (.shp) and Keyhole Markup Language (KML) formats. Location maps in JPEG format are also included. Entity_Type_Definition_Source: USGS Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: 2021-312-FA_profile_parameters.zip Entity_Type_Definition: Microsoft Excel Worksheet (.xlsx) and comma-separated values (.csv) file containing profile-specific data acquisition and processing parameters for each GPR profile. Attributes listed below (except for: Velocity_m/ns, Dielectric, ExportVel_m/ns, DisplayGain, and ElevationSource) also apply to the trackline GIS files described above. Entity_Type_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute: Attribute_Label: LineID Attribute_Definition: GPR trackline number Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 001 Range_Domain_Maximum: 026 Attribute: Attribute_Label: DateColl Attribute_Definition: Date the GPR trackline data were collected, written as M/DD/YYYY (1-digit month, 1- or 2-digit day, and 4-digit year). Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 3/29/2021 Range_Domain_Maximum: 4/3/2021 Attribute: Attribute_Label: DOY Attribute_Definition: Day of year, as represented on the Julian calendar, the data were collected. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 088 Range_Domain_Maximum: 093 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Range_ns Attribute_Definition: Range is the maximum two-way travel time in nanoseconds (ns) that is viewed during data collection. For this survey, all lines were collected with a range of 200 ns. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 200 Range_Domain_Maximum: 200 Attribute: Attribute_Label: TowedBy Attribute_Definition: Describes whether the GPR antenna was pulled on foot or towed behind a vehicle. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: on foot Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: GSSI was pulled over terrain, on foot, by USGS staff. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: vehicle Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: GSSI was towed behind a survey vehicle, at approximately 4-5 miles per hour. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: vehicle/on foot Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: GSSI was towed behind a survey vehicle and pulled by a staffer on foot. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute: Attribute_Label: Location1 Attribute_Definition: Describes the coastal setting or barrier island from which the GPR profile was collected. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Fire Island Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Fire Island, NY barrier island Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute: Attribute_Label: Location2 Attribute_Definition: Identifies the local study area from which the GPR profile was collected. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Point O'Woods (POW) Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Point O'Woods, NY Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Ho-Hum Beach (HHB) Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Ho-Hum Beach and Otis Pike Fire Island High Dune Wilderness, NY Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute: Attribute_Label: Description Attribute_Definition: Physical description, including orientation and terrain, of the environment from which the GPR profile was collected. Due to ArcMap character limitations, this attribute is listed as “Discriptio” in the GIS files (.shp). Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Data were collected within residential, national park, and wilderness areas on Fire Island. Attribute: Attribute_Label: SurfaceType Attribute_Definition: Qualitative description of the predominant surface material along the GPR profile. Surface materials inferred from Google Earth imagery are denoted with "^". Due to ArcMap character limitations, this attribute is listed as “SurfaceTyp” in the GIS files (.shp). Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: road (sand) Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Road, sand Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: sand Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Sand Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: concrete path Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Concrete path Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: not recorded Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Not recorded Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute: Attribute_Label: Length_m Attribute_Definition: Measured length of the GPR profile, in meters. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 171.59 Range_Domain_Maximum: 1603.92 Attribute: Attribute_Label: MinElev_m Attribute_Definition: Minimum elevation along the GPR profile, in meters, relative to NAVD88 (GEOID12B). Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.387 Range_Domain_Maximum: 1.265 Attribute: Attribute_Label: MaxElev_m Attribute_Definition: Maximum elevation along the GPR profile, in meters, relative to NAVD88 (GEOID12B). Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 2.078 Range_Domain_Maximum: 5.028 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Velocity_m/ns Attribute_Definition: Radar-wave velocity through the sediment, in meters per nanosecond, estimated from hyperbola analyses along each profile. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.06 Range_Domain_Maximum: 0.35 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Dielectric Attribute_Definition: The dielectric constant of the sediment, calculated from the radar-wave velocity. This is a dimensionless value. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 1 Range_Domain_Maximum: 25 Attribute: Attribute_Label: ExportVel_m/ns Attribute_Definition: Radar-wave velocity, in meters per nanosecond, applied during processing to create elevation- and velocity-corrected profiles. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.08 Range_Domain_Maximum: 0.10 Attribute: Attribute_Label: DisplayGain Attribute_Definition: The display gain applied, if any, to enhance contrast in the elevation- and velocity-corrected profiles. This is a dimensionless value. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -6 Range_Domain_Maximum: 0 Attribute: Attribute_Label: ElevationSource Attribute_Definition: Identifies the data source used for elevation values included in each GPR profile. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Lidar Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Elevation values were derived from USACE lidar data collected in January 2020 (USACE JALBTCX, 2020). Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: PP GPS Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Elevation values were derived using post-processed, differentially corrected GPS. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Lidar/PP GPS Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Elevation values were derived using a combination of USACE lidar (USACE JALBTCX, 2020) and differentially corrected GPS. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Overview_Description: Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: The entity and attribute information provided here describes the tabular data associated with the dataset. Please review the detailed descriptions that are provided (the individual attribute descriptions) for information on the values that appear as fields/table entries of the dataset. Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: The entity and attribute information were generated by the individual and/or agency identified as the originator of the dataset. Please review the rest of the metadata record for additional details and information. Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Arnell S. Forde Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing and Physical Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Contact_Voice_Telephone: (727)-502-8000 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: aforde@usgs.gov Distribution_Liability: This publication was prepared by an agency of the United States Government. Although these data were processed successfully on a computer system at the U.S. Geological Survey, no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system, nor shall the act of distribution imply any such warranty. The U.S. Geological Survey shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data described and (or) contained herein. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: columnar text, comma-delimited text, vector spatial data, raster data, Microsoft Excel format, KML, JPEG Format_Information_Content: Data download files contain survey acquisition and processing parameters (.csv, .xlsx), navigation data in tabular, comma-separated values format (.gga), geospatial data provided as GPR tracklines (.shp, .kml), location map (.jpg), raw and processed trace data (.asc, .dzt, .dzx), and processed GPR profile images (.jpg). File_Decompression_Technique: Winzip or 7zip Transfer_Size: 1990 Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://coastal.er.usgs.gov/data-release/doi-P97YW2UL/data/2021-312-FA_profile_parameters.zip Network_Resource_Name: https://coastal.er.usgs.gov/data-release/doi-P97YW2UL/data/2021-312-FA_GGA.zip Network_Resource_Name: https://coastal.er.usgs.gov/data-release/doi-P97YW2UL/data/2021-312-FA_tracklines.zip Network_Resource_Name: https://coastal.er.usgs.gov/data-release/doi-P97YW2UL/data/2021-312-FA_gpr_traces.zip Network_Resource_Name: https://coastal.er.usgs.gov/data-release/doi-P97YW2UL/data/2021-312-FA_RADAN.zip Network_Resource_Name: https://coastal.er.usgs.gov/data-release/doi-P97YW2UL/data/2021-312-FA_profile_images.zip Fees: None. No fees are applicable for obtaining the dataset. Technical_Prerequisites: The profile parameters files were created in Microsoft Excel for Mac, version 16.59 and can be opened using Microsoft Excel 2007 or higher; these data are also provided as comma-separated values (.csv) text files. The GPR profile trackline locations are provided as GIS data files in Esri shapefile (.shp) and Keyhole Markup Language (KML) formats; these files may also be viewed with Esri public domain software Explorer for ArcGIS or Google Earth (https://www.google.com/earth/) GIS viewers. Post-processed navigation (.gga) and unprocessed GPR trace data (.asc) provided in ASCII format can be accessed with any standard text editor. Processed GPR subsurface profile data output using RADAN (.dzt and .dzx) can be opened and viewed by any software capable of reading GPR trace data. Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20230508 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Arnell S. Forde Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing and Physical Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Contact_Voice_Telephone: (727)-502-8000 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: aforde@usgs.gov Metadata_Standard_Name: Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998