Metadata: Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Timothy R. Nelson Originator: P. Soupy Dalyander Originator: Donya P. Frank Originator: Allison M. Penko Originator: Edward F. Braithwaite III Originator: Joseph Calantoni Publication_Date: 20211029 Title: Laboratory Observations of Variable Size and Shape Particles-Artificial Sand and Oil Agglomerates: November 2016 Velocity Data Edition: 1.0 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: Tabular digital data Larger_Work_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Timothy R. Nelson Originator: P. Soupy Dalyander Originator: Donya P. Frank Originator: Allison M. Penko Originator: Edward F. Braithwaite III Originator: Joseph Calantoni Publication_Date: 20211029 Title: Laboratory Observations of Variable Size and Shape Particles: Artificial Sand and Oil Agglomerates Series_Information: Series_Name: U.S. Geological Survey data release Issue_Identification: doi:10.5066/P9Z2XFRJ Publication_Information: Publication_Place: St. Petersburg, Florida Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey - St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9Z2XFRJ Description: Abstract: Following marine oil spills, weathered oil can mix with sediment in the surf zone and settle to the seafloor to form mats up to hundreds of meters long. Wave action fragments these mats into 1- to 10-centimeter (cm) diameter sand and oil agglomerates (SOAs). SOAs can persist for years, becoming buried in or exhumed from the seafloor and/or transported cross-shore and alongshore (Dalyander and others, 2015). These fragments are angular near the source mat and become increasingly rounded as they are transported. To quantify SOA motion, the USGS conducted experiments in November 2016 (field activity number (FAN) 2016-364-DD) and June 2017 (FAN 2017-329-FA) using various size, shape, and density artificial sand and oil agglomerates (aSOAs). Video and velocity data were collected under a range of hydrodynamic forcing scenarios in the Small-Oscillatory Flow Tunnel at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) located in Stennis, Mississippi. Between November 14 and 18, 2016, laboratory studies were conducted on spherical- and patty-shaped particles on a roughened flatbed. Two types of particles were used, one consisting of paraffin wax and sand, while the other was machine-fabricated out of aluminum and coated in sand. Between June 5 and 8, 2017, laboratory studies were conducted on spherical, patty, ellipsoidal, and angular-ellipsoidal particles using paraffin wax and sand, aluminum, and three-dimensional (3D) printed plastic particles. Purpose: This dataset presents along-tank flow velocity data collected in November 2016. Along-tank flow velocities were collected by a single Vectrino acoustic Doppler profiler (ADP) located centrally in the small-oscillatory flow tunnel housed at the NRL, Stennis Space Center, Mississippi. The information contained within the comma separated values (CSV) files is needed to capture flow velocity at time of incipient motion. Each CSV file contains a unique name consisting of the experiment run number and trial, which is related to the corresponding video. Additional experimental settings are located in 2016-364-DD_Data_Table.csv and Data_Dictionary.csv. Supplemental_Information: This dataset (2016-364-DD_velocity.zip) contains CSV-formatted tabular digital data of flow velocity measurements collected during small-oscillatory flow tunnel laboratory experiments conducted at the NRL, Stennis Space Center, Mississippi. To ensure that St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center (SPCMSC) data management protocols were followed, this survey was assigned USGS FAN, 2016-364-DD. Additional survey and data details are available at, https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fan=2016-364-DD. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 20161114 Ending_Date: 20161118 Currentness_Reference: ground condition Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -89.651 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -89.557 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 30.395 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 30.345 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Metadata Identifier Theme_Keyword: USGS:278b8c66-b7b1-41fb-b2a8-3eb0f0d6aa84 Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category Theme_Keyword: elevation Theme_Keyword: oceans Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Thesaurus Theme_Keyword: hazards Theme_Keyword: marine geology Theme_Keyword: ocean sciences Theme_Keyword: industrial pollution Theme_Keyword: petroleum Theme_Keyword: laboratory experiments Theme_Keyword: image collections Theme_Keyword: photography Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Theme_Keyword: U.S. Geological Survey Theme_Keyword: USGS Theme_Keyword: Saint Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center Theme_Keyword: SPCMSC Theme_Keyword: Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program Theme_Keyword: CMHRP Theme_Keyword: Coastal and Marine Geology Program Theme_Keyword: CMGP Theme_Keyword: incipient motion Theme_Keyword: Vectrino acoustic velocity profiler Theme_Keyword: small-oscillatory flow tunnel Theme_Keyword: photographs Theme_Keyword: photos Theme_Keyword: JPEG Theme_Keyword: sand and oil agglomerate Theme_Keyword: SOA Theme_Keyword: artificial sand and oil agglomerate Theme_Keyword: aSOA Theme_Keyword: beach re-oiling Theme_Keyword: oil spill Theme_Keyword: Canon 7D DSLR camera Theme_Keyword: Naval Research Laboratory Theme_Keyword: NRL Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: Geographic Names Information System Place_Keyword: John C Stennis Space Center Place_Keyword: Mississippi Access_Constraints: None Use_Constraints: Public domain data from the U.S. Government are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Please recognize the U.S. Geological Survey as the originator of the dataset. Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Timothy R. Nelson Contact_Organization: Cherokee Nation Systems Solutions/U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Researcher VII Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 600 Fourth Street South City: Saint Petersburg State_or_Province: Florida Postal_Code: 33701-4846 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8098 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 727-502-8001 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: trnelson@usgs.gov Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: J. Calantoni Originator: B.J. Landry Originator: A.M. Penko Publication_Date: 20130401 Title: Laboratory observations of sand ripple evolution using bimodal grain size distributions under asymmetric oscillatory flows Edition: 1.0 Series_Information: Series_Name: Journal of Coastal Research Issue_Identification: Special Issue No. 65, p. 1497-1502 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Plymouth, United Kingdom Publisher: Coastal Education and Research Foundation, Inc. Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.2112/SI65-253.1 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: P.S. Dalyander Originator: N.G. Plant Originator: J.W. Long Originator: M. Mclaughlin Publication_Date: 20150505 Title: Nearshore dynamics of artificial sand and oil agglomerates Edition: 1.0 Series_Information: Series_Name: Marine Pollution Bulletin Issue_Identification: Volume 96, Issues 1-2, p. 344-355 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Atlanta, GA, USA Publisher: Elsevier, Ltd. Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.04.049 Data_Quality_Information: Attribute_Accuracy: Attribute_Accuracy_Report: The Vectrino ADP used to observe the oscillatory flow tunnel flow velocities measured 3D water velocity of a 3.5 cm profile below the instrument with 1-millimeter (mm) spaced bins and the distance from the instrument to the bed using coherent Doppler processing at a frequency of 100 Hertz (Hz). The Vectrino profiler was mounted in the center of the flow tunnel with the sensor completely submerged in the water. Logical_Consistency_Report: All flow velocities were acquired with the same Vectrino acoustic velocity profiler. Completeness_Report: Velocity and time data are included for all experiments. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: A formal accuracy assessment of the horizontal positional information in the dataset has not been conducted. Vertical_Positional_Accuracy: Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report: The height of the Vectrino above the roughened flatbed was measured each time the Vectrino was moved to access the tank. The height is recorded in 2016-364-DD_Data_Table.csv. Lineage: Process_Step: Process_Description: In November 2016, experiments were conducted at NRL's Sediment Dynamics Laboratory, located in Stennis, MS. Spherical- and patty-shaped particles representing aSOAs were deployed on a roughened-false floor in the Small-Oscillatory Flow Tunnel with a cross-sectional area of 25 cm by 25 cm and a test bed length of 2 meters (m). Oscillating currents (simulating bottom velocities generated by waves) were driven in the tank by a flywheel with variable frequencies (5-90 rotations per minute) and stroke lengths (22, 33, or 44 cm). Four cameras (two Canon 7D digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) and two GoPro Hero3+) were mounted outside the tank to record particle movement at 29.97 fps in 1920x1088 for the two Canon 8D DSLR and 1920x1080 pixel resolution for two the GoPro Hero3+. Camera A (Canon 7D) was outfitted with an 18-55 mm zoom lens at a 29 mm focal length and Camera B (Canon 7D) used an 18 mm fisheye lens. The GoPros (GP01 and GP02) were outfitted with the default fisheye. Recording was triggered with a hardwired camera switch for Cameras A and B, while the GoPro Apple iOS application was used to wirelessly trigger the two GoPro cameras. A Nortec Vectrino Doppler current profiler was installed, centrally, within the flow tunnel with the sensor submerged in the water. Detailed information of the small-oscillatory flow tunnel can be found in Calantoni and others (2013). Process_Date: 20161114 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Timothy R. Nelson Contact_Organization: Cherokee Nation Systems Solutions/U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Researcher VII Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 600 4th St. S City: Saint Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8098 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 727-502-8182 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: trnelson@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Velocities were logged by a Vectrino acoustic Doppler profiler centrally-mounted within the tank. Velocity recording was remotely started from a connected computer after the beginning of the video recording. The start of the velocity record was indicated in the video by a single blink of a red LED indicator light, which was in the field of view of all cameras. 3D velocity was logged by the Vectrino software package and saved as raw binary files with file extension ".ntk" and a MATLAB version 2018b-readable format ".mat". The Vectrino acoustic velocity profiler measured the 3D water velocity (meters per second, m/s) of a 3.5 cm profile below the instrument, with 1-mm spaced bins and a sampling rate of 100 Hz. Process_Date: 20161114 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Timothy R. Nelson Contact_Organization: Cherokee Nation Systems Solutions/U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Researcher VII Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 600 Fourth Street South City: Saint Petersburg State_or_Province: Florida Postal_Code: 33701-4846 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8098 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 727-502-8001 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: trnelson@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Raw Vectrino data were processed in MATLAB by a script called "VectrinoII_ProcessData_2016.m" (modified NRL script), which extracted time, depth information, 3D velocity (m/s), and temperature from the ".mat" data files created by the Vectrino software. Noise and data spikes were removed from the 3D velocity data using two methods. First, the raw time-series data were compared to a smoothed time-series that was calculated by using an evenly-weighted convolution filter with a window size of 10. A standard deviation was calculated from the difference between the raw and smoothed time-series. Any raw sample with a difference greater than three standard deviations was replaced with the smoothed value. A new smoothed time-series was then calculated from the de-spiked time-series. This process was repeated two additional times using the de-spiked time-series in place of the raw data. Next, any sample recorded with a correlation (a measure of signal quality calculated by the Vectrino profiler software) less than 70% were replaced in the record with non-number (NaN) values. Quality controlled records of de-spiked and smoothed de-spiked velocity, temperature, distance from transducer, distance from bed, and sample time were saved in MATLAB readable ".mat" files. Process_Date: 20170807 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Timothy R. Nelson Contact_Organization: Cherokee Nation Systems Solutions/U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Researcher VII Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 600 Fourth Street South City: Saint Petersburg State_or_Province: Florida Postal_Code: 33701-4846 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8098 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 727-502-8001 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: trnelson@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Free stream velocity is taken as an average of the Vectrino velocity bins, excluding any bins with erroneous velocities (such as constant zero or near zero values) or out of phase velocities compared to adjacent bins. These erroneous values might be a result of interference with the side of the tank, reflections off particles, or transfer issues. Transfer issues resulted when the computer used to record the Vectrino data in real-time was also performing additional tasks or data transfer. The bins used to calculate the average for each experiment run are listed in 2016-364-DD_Data_Table.csv. Due to storage limitations, excessively long Vectrino records were split into two files by the Vectrino software. These files were merged after processing into a continuous time-series. Process_Date: 20170807 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Timothy R. Nelson Contact_Organization: Cherokee Nation Systems Solutions/U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Researcher VII Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 600 Fourth Street South City: Saint Petersburg State_or_Province: Florida Postal_Code: 33701-4846 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8098 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 727-502-8001 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: trnelson@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Each flow velocity time-series was visually quality controlled (QC) for instances of data transfer errors or tunnel interference which resulted in erroneously recorded velocity values. Transfer errors occurred when previously recorded video and velocity data was being saved to a network drive while the Vectrino was recording data to the computer in real-time. For the identified instances, the velocity was assigned a NaN value. Process_Date: 20190919 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Timothy R. Nelson Contact_Organization: Cherokee Nation Systems Solutions/U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Researcher VII Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 600 Fourth Street South City: Saint Petersburg State_or_Province: Florida Postal_Code: 33701-4846 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8098 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 727-502-8001 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: trnelson@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: The time-series results of flow velocity and time were written to CSV files with data arranged in columns (including headers) using the MATLAB built-in function "fprintf.m". The velocity time-series for each experiment run is named DATE_RunID_velocity_data.csv, where DATE is in the form YYYYMMDD and YYYY is the four-digit year, MM is the two-digit month, and DD is the two-digit day, RunID is a unique run identification code indicating a specific set of sediment, flow symmetry, and stroke length and is described in 2016-364-DD_Data_Table.csv. RunID ends with the Trial Number which consists of the letter, "T" followed by a sequential number starting at 1. Trial indicates the sediment type in the tank, flow symmetry, and stroke length remained unchanged. This occurred when the length of the video approached the limits of the camera's storage, there was concern regarding the Vectrino data quality, or a leak was observed in the tank. Process_Date: 20210921 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Timothy R. Nelson Contact_Organization: Cherokee Nation Systems Solutions/U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Researcher VII Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 600 Fourth Street South City: Saint Petersburg State_or_Province: Florida Postal_Code: 33701-4846 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8098 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 727-502-8001 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: trnelson@usgs.gov Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: 2016-364-DD_velocity.zip Entity_Type_Definition: This compressed file consists of oscillatory flow tunnel velocity data (52 individual .csv files) collected in November 2016 from the NRL in Stennis, MS. Laboratory studies were conducted on spherical- and patty-shaped particles on a roughened, flat false-floor. Entity_Type_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute: Attribute_Label: time(s) Attribute_Definition: Vectrino velocity profiler record time of experiment. Attribute_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.00000 Range_Domain_Maximum: 1163.63005 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: seconds (s) Attribute: Attribute_Label: u(m/s) Attribute_Definition: Smoothed, along-tank water velocity as measured by Vectrino velocity profiler during experiment segment. Attribute_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -0.67651 Range_Domain_Maximum: 0.68975 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Meters per second (m/s) Overview_Description: Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: The entity and attribute information provided here describes the data associated with the dataset. Please review the detailed descriptions that are provided (the individual attribute descriptions) for information on the values that appear as entries of the dataset. Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: The entity and attribute information were generated by the individual and/or agency identified as the originator of the dataset. Please review the rest of the metadata record for additional details and information. Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Timothy R. Nelson Contact_Organization: Cherokee Nation Systems Solutions/U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Researcher VII Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 600 Fourth Street South City: Saint Petersburg State_or_Province: Florida Postal_Code: 33701-4846 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8098 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 727-502-8182 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: trnelson@usgs.gov Resource_Description: The zip file, 2016-364-DD_velocity.zip, contains the Vectrino velocity and time data for all files listed in 2016-364-DD_Data_Table.csv Distribution_Liability: This digital publication was prepared by an agency of the United States Government. Although these data have been processed successfully on a computer system at the U.S. Geological Survey, no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system, nor shall the act of distribution imply any such warranty. The U.S. Geological Survey shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data described and (or) contained herein. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: comma-delimited text Format_Version_Number: 1 Format_Specification: Comma separated values file format Format_Information_Content: The WinZip (version 14.0) file provides flow velocity and time data collected during small-oscillatory flow tunnel laboratory experiments conducted at the Naval Research Laboratory, Stennis Space Center, Stennis Mississippi and the associated metadata. File_Decompression_Technique: Use WinZip, 7zip, Peazip or pkUnzip Transfer_Size: 17.4 Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://coastal.er.usgs.gov/data-release/doi-P9Z2XFRJ/data/2016-364-DD_velocity.zip Access_Instructions: Data can be downloaded via the internet. Fees: None Technical_Prerequisites: This zip file contains data available in CSV format. The user must have software capable of reading CSV files to use these data. Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20211029 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Timothy R. Nelson Contact_Organization: Cherokee Nation Systems Solutions/U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Researcher VII Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 600 Fourth Street South City: Saint Petersburg State_or_Province: Florida Postal_Code: 33701-4846 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8098 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 727-502-8182 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: trnelson@usgs.gov Metadata_Standard_Name: Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998 Metadata_Time_Convention: local time